What instruments did Africa invent?

Africa, the second-largest continent in the world, is known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse history. From the ancient Egyptians to the modern-day African musicians, the continent has produced some of the most iconic musical instruments in the world. From the talking drum of West Africa to the mbira of Zimbabwe, Africa has a long and storied history of musical innovation. In this article, we will explore some of the most iconic instruments invented in Africa and their significance in African culture. Join us as we take a journey through the musical history of Africa and discover the instruments that have shaped its musical heritage.

The importance of African instruments

The significance of music in African culture

Music plays a central role in African culture, serving as a means of communication, social bonding, and expression of cultural identity. In many African societies, music is an integral part of religious and traditional ceremonies, providing a conduit for spiritual and emotional experiences. The rhythms and melodies of African music are characterized by their complexity and variety, reflecting the diversity of African cultures and languages.

One of the most significant aspects of music in African culture is its role in oral history and storytelling. Many African societies have a rich tradition of oral storytelling, and music is often used to accompany and enhance these narratives. Music can convey important cultural values and beliefs, as well as serve as a means of preserving and passing on knowledge from one generation to the next.

Furthermore, music is an essential component of social and political life in many African societies. It is often used to express political opinions and to mobilize communities around common causes. Music can also be a powerful tool for promoting social change, as it can challenge dominant power structures and inspire individuals to work towards a more just and equitable society.

In summary, the significance of music in African culture cannot be overstated. It serves as a means of communication, social bonding, and cultural expression, and plays a vital role in preserving and transmitting cultural knowledge and values.

The role of instruments in African music

African music is known for its diverse and rich culture, which includes a wide range of instruments. The role of these instruments in African music is significant as they play a crucial part in the cultural and social aspects of the continent. The instruments are not only used for entertainment purposes but also have deep-rooted historical and cultural meanings.

In African music, instruments are often used to create complex rhythms and melodies that are essential to the music. These instruments are also used to create a sense of community and togetherness among people. Many of the instruments are played in ensembles, where musicians play together in unison, creating a powerful and energetic sound.

One of the most significant roles of instruments in African music is their ability to tell stories. Many of the instruments have specific meanings and are used to convey important messages. For example, the xylophone in the Bakuba tribe of the Congo Basin is used to communicate the history of the tribe and its ancestors. Similarly, the kora in West Africa is used to tell stories of the Mandinka people and their history.

Another crucial role of instruments in African music is their ability to create a sense of identity. Many of the instruments are unique to specific tribes or regions, and their music helps to define the cultural identity of these communities. For example, the mbira in Zimbabwe is a musical instrument that is unique to the Shona people, and its music has become synonymous with their cultural identity.

Overall, the role of instruments in African music is multifaceted and complex. They are not only used for entertainment purposes but also play a crucial part in the cultural and social aspects of the continent. The instruments have deep-rooted historical and cultural meanings and help to define the identity of many communities.

Brief history of African instruments

Early African instruments

Africa is home to a rich musical heritage, with a long history of instrument invention. The early African instruments can be traced back to ancient times, with some of the oldest known instruments discovered in Egypt. These early instruments were often simple in design, but they played a significant role in the cultural and religious practices of the people.

One of the earliest African instruments is the khartoum, a type of flute made from a single reed and a bone or wood body. The khartoum is believed to have originated in Nubia, an ancient region in what is now Sudan. The instrument was used in religious ceremonies and was often played to accompany songs and dances.

Another early African instrument is the makanga, a type of lute that is still played in some parts of Africa today. The makanga has a wooden body and a neck made from a gourd or a coconut shell. It has strings made from animal gut or nylon, and it is played with a pick or fingers.

The xalam, also known as the hoddu, is another early African instrument. It is a stringed instrument that is played with a bow, and it is commonly found in West Africa. The xalam has a wooden body and a neck made from a gourd or a coconut shell. It has three or four strings made from animal gut or nylon, and it is played with a pick or fingers.

These early African instruments have played a significant role in the development of African music, and they continue to be an important part of the cultural heritage of the continent.

The evolution of African instruments

The evolution of African instruments can be traced back to ancient times, with each civilization contributing to the development of unique musical instruments. Some of the earliest known African instruments were drums, which were used for communication and religious ceremonies. Over time, African instruments became more sophisticated, incorporating various materials and technologies to create a wide range of sounds and tones.

One of the most significant developments in African instrumental music was the invention of the xylophone. The xylophone, which is still widely used in many African cultures today, was first developed in the western part of the continent, where it was used in court and religious music. The instrument spread throughout Africa, with variations being developed in different regions, such as the marimba in Central Africa and the balafon in West Africa.

Another important African instrument is the lute, which is a stringed instrument that is played with a bow. The lute is believed to have originated in North Africa, where it was used in Islamic music. From there, it spread to other parts of the continent, with different variations being developed in different regions. The kora, for example, is a West African lute that has a unique shape and sound.

African instruments have also been influenced by European and Asian musical traditions, particularly during the colonial era. Many African musicians incorporated elements of Western classical music into their traditional music, creating a unique blend of African and European musical styles. Additionally, African instruments such as the mbira, which is a thumb piano, were introduced to the world through the work of Western musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Bela Fleck.

Overall, the evolution of African instruments is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of the continent. From ancient drums to modern-day instruments such as the mbira, African music continues to influence and inspire musicians around the world.

The influence of colonialism on African instruments

During the colonial era, Africa was exposed to various foreign musical influences. European colonizers brought their own musical traditions and instruments, which often overshadowed the indigenous music of Africa. This led to a decline in the use of traditional African instruments and a loss of cultural identity.

One of the most significant impacts of colonialism on African music was the introduction of Christian hymns and Western classical music. These new styles of music were often taught in missionary schools and churches, leading to a decline in the use of traditional instruments in religious ceremonies.

Another way colonialism affected African music was through the imposition of European languages in education and government. This made it difficult for Africans to continue using their native languages in music and other forms of expression.

Additionally, colonialism disrupted the transmission of musical knowledge from generation to generation. Many traditional instruments were not passed down to younger generations because they were seen as outdated or not relevant in the modern world.

Overall, the influence of colonialism on African instruments has been significant and long-lasting. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in traditional African music and instruments, as people seek to reclaim their cultural heritage.

Common African instruments

Drums

Drums are one of the most well-known instruments invented in Africa. They have been an integral part of African culture for thousands of years and are used in a variety of contexts, including religious ceremonies, cultural celebrations, and social gatherings.

There are many different types of drums used in Africa, each with its own unique characteristics and playing techniques. Some of the most common types of drums include:

• Talking drums: These drums are designed to produce different sounds that can mimic human speech, allowing messages to be communicated over long distances.
• Dundun: These drums are often used in West African music and are typically played in groups, with each player holding a drum of a different size and playing in a specific rhythm.
• Kpanlogo: This type of drum is also commonly used in West African music and is typically played by two or more players, who alternate between playing different rhythms on their drums.
• Xylophone: Although not technically a drum, the xylophone is another popular instrument in Africa and is often used in combination with drums in traditional music.

Drums have played an important role in the development of African music and have influenced musical traditions around the world. Today, drums continue to be an essential part of African culture and are enjoyed by people of all ages and backgrounds.

Stringed instruments

Africa has a rich musical heritage, and it is home to many unique and traditional musical instruments. One of the most common types of instruments found in Africa are stringed instruments. These instruments are played using strings, which are typically made from animal gut or nylon. Some of the most popular stringed instruments in Africa include:

• Kora: The kora is a stringed instrument that is popular in West Africa, particularly in countries such as Senegal, Gambia, and Mali. It has a gourd body and a neck made from wood, and it is played using a thumb-piano technique. The kora has 21 strings, which are tuned to a specific scale.
• Bouzouki: The bouzouki is a stringed instrument that is popular in North Africa, particularly in countries such as Egypt and Sudan. It has a body made from wood, and it is played using a plectrum or fingerstyle technique. The bouzouki has four strings, which are tuned to a specific scale.
• Bassa: The bassa is a stringed instrument that is popular in Central Africa, particularly in countries such as Cameroon and Congo. It has a body made from wood, and it is played using a plectrum or fingerstyle technique. The bassa has four strings, which are tuned to a specific scale.
• Guitar: The guitar is a stringed instrument that is popular all over the world, including in Africa. It has a body made from wood, and it is played using a plectrum or fingerstyle technique. The guitar has six strings, which are tuned to a specific scale.

Overall, stringed instruments have played an important role in African music for centuries, and they continue to be an important part of the continent’s musical heritage today.

Wind instruments

Wind instruments are musical instruments that produce sound by vibrating a column of air. Africa has a rich history of inventing wind instruments, which have been used for centuries in various cultural and religious ceremonies.

Some of the most common wind instruments in Africa include:

• Flutes: Flutes are a type of wind instrument that produce sound by blowing air across an opening. In Africa, flutes are made from a variety of materials, including wood, bamboo, and metal. The sound of the flute is often described as melodic and soothing.
• Oboes: Oboes are another type of wind instrument that are commonly found in Africa. They are typically made from wood and have a distinctive sound that is characterized by its sharp and clear tone. Oboes are often used in traditional African music to provide a contrast to the other instruments in the ensemble.
• Clarinets: Clarinets are a type of wind instrument that have a cylindrical shape and a reed that vibrates to produce sound. In Africa, clarinets are often made from wood and are used in a variety of musical genres, including jazz and blues.
• Trumpets: Trumpets are a type of wind instrument that produce sound by blowing air into a metal tube. In Africa, trumpets are often made from brass and are used in religious ceremonies and processions. The sound of the trumpet is often described as loud and bold.
• Saxophones: Saxophones are a type of wind instrument that were invented in the 19th century. They are commonly found in African music and are used to add a unique and distinctive sound to the ensemble. Saxophones are often used in jazz and blues music, as well as in traditional African music.

Overall, wind instruments have played an important role in African music and culture for centuries. These instruments have been used to express emotions, tell stories, and connect people together in celebration and ritual.

Unique African instruments

Thumb piano

The thumb piano, also known as the mbira or kalimba, is a musical instrument that is traditionally played in many parts of Africa. It is a small, wooden instrument that consists of a series of metal tines or keys attached to a board. The player plucks or strums the tines with their thumbs or fingers to produce a melody.

The origin of the thumb piano is unclear, but it is believed to have been invented by the Shona people of Zimbabwe over 1,000 years ago. It was originally used in religious ceremonies and was played by traditional healers and spiritual leaders. Over time, the instrument became popular among the general population and was used in a variety of social and cultural contexts.

The thumb piano has a distinctive sound that is characterized by its clear, high-pitched notes. It is often played in a pentatonic scale, which means that it consists of five notes that are played in a repeating pattern. The player can also add additional notes by using different playing techniques, such as vibrato or tremolo.

In addition to its use in traditional African music, the thumb piano has also been adopted by musicians in other parts of the world. It has been featured in a variety of musical genres, including jazz, blues, and rock. It has also been used in contemporary experimental music and has been featured in the work of many well-known composers and performers.

Overall, the thumb piano is a unique and important instrument in the musical traditions of Africa. Its distinctive sound and versatility have made it a popular choice among musicians and music lovers around the world.

Kalimba

The kalimba is a musical instrument that originated in Africa and is also known as a thumb piano. It is a simple instrument consisting of a wooden or metal board with a series of metal tines attached to it. The tines are typically arranged in a rectangular or square pattern and are plucked with the thumbs or fingers to produce a variety of sounds.

The kalimba is a versatile instrument that can be played solo or in ensemble with other instruments. It is often used in traditional African music, particularly in East and Central Africa, where it is used to accompany singing and dancing. The kalimba is also used in contemporary music and has been featured in a variety of genres, including jazz, blues, and rock.

One of the unique features of the kalimba is its portability. It is a small instrument that can be easily carried and played anywhere, making it a popular choice for street performers and musicians on the go. The kalimba is also relatively easy to learn, with many beginner-friendly tutorials available online.

In addition to its musical qualities, the kalimba has cultural significance in many African communities. It is often passed down from generation to generation and is seen as a symbol of cultural heritage and identity. Today, the kalimba continues to be enjoyed by musicians and music lovers around the world, serving as a reminder of the rich musical traditions of Africa.

Mbira

The mbira is a traditional musical instrument that originated in Africa, specifically in the eastern regions of the continent. It is also known as the “thumb piano” or “kalimba.” The mbira is a wooden instrument that consists of a series of metal keys or tines that are attached to a soundboard. The keys are played by plucking them with the thumbs and fingers of both hands.

The mbira has a distinctive sound that is characterized by its bright, resonant timbre and complex harmonies. It is often used in traditional African music, particularly in ceremonies and celebrations. The mbira is also used in contemporary music, and it has been featured in many popular songs around the world.

One of the unique features of the mbira is its ability to produce a wide range of sounds and tones. The keys are arranged in a specific pattern on the soundboard, and each key produces a different note when plucked. The player can also manipulate the keys to produce different effects, such as bends, slides, and vibrato.

The mbira has a rich history and cultural significance in Africa. It is often passed down from generation to generation, and it is considered a symbol of cultural heritage and identity. Many musicians and scholars have studied the mbira and its music, and it has become an important part of the global music community.

Today, the mbira continues to be played and enjoyed by people all over the world. It is a testament to the creativity and ingenuity of African people, and it serves as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage of the continent.

Modern African instruments

Electric guitars

Electric guitars are one of the most iconic instruments invented in Africa. The electric guitar was invented in the 1930s by a black musician named George Beauchamp. Beauchamp was a pioneer in the development of the electric guitar and is credited with creating the first commercially successful electric guitar, the “Frying Pan”.

The “Frying Pan” was made from a steel body and had a single coil pickup that was used to amplify the sound of the guitar. It was a revolutionary instrument that allowed musicians to play louder and create new sounds that were not possible with traditional acoustic guitars.

Over the years, African musicians have made significant contributions to the development of the electric guitar. In the 1960s, Nigerian musician and inventor, Meki Nzewi, invented the “Nzewi-Guitar”, which was the first electric guitar to be designed and built in Africa. The Nzewi-Guitar had a unique shape and was made from local materials, such as wood and metal.

Today, African musicians continue to innovate and create new sounds using electric guitars. The electric guitar has become an essential instrument in many genres of African music, including Afrobeat, Highlife, and Soukous. African musicians have also influenced the development of rock and roll and other genres of music around the world.

In conclusion, the electric guitar is one of the most important instruments invented in Africa. It has had a profound impact on the music industry and has been used by African musicians to create some of the most iconic and influential music of the 20th century.

Electronic instruments

In recent years, Africa has made significant contributions to the world of electronic music. Many African musicians have embraced electronic instruments, incorporating them into their traditional music to create a unique sound that is both modern and authentic. Some of the most popular electronic instruments used by African musicians include:

• Drum machines: These are electronic devices that mimic the sound of a drum or a drum pattern. They are used to create a steady beat or to add rhythm to a song.
• Synthesizers: These are electronic devices that generate a wide range of sounds, from bass and lead synths to pads and effects. They are used to create complex textures and to add layers of sound to a song.
• Samplers: These are electronic devices that allow musicians to record and play back sounds. They are used to incorporate natural sounds, such as the sounds of animals or the human voice, into electronic music.
• Computer-based music production software: This software allows musicians to create, record, and edit music using a computer. It is often used to produce electronic music, but it can also be used to record and edit traditional African instruments.

African musicians have also used electronic instruments to experiment with new sounds and techniques. For example, some musicians have used electronic instruments to create new versions of traditional African instruments, such as the electric kalimba or the electronic djembé. Others have used electronic instruments to create entirely new sounds, such as the “Afro-futurist” music that blends electronic music with traditional African rhythms.

Overall, the use of electronic instruments in African music has helped to expand the possibilities of traditional African music, while also allowing African musicians to compete in the global music industry.

Innovative instruments

Africa has a rich musical heritage, and over the centuries, it has given birth to a variety of musical instruments. Some of these instruments are innovative and unique, and they have become an integral part of African music. Here are some examples of innovative instruments that were invented in Africa:

• Thumb piano (Mbira): The thumb piano, also known as the mbira, is a musical instrument that is traditionally played by the Shona people of Zimbabwe. It consists of a wooden frame with metal keys, and it is played by plucking the keys with the thumbs and fingers. The mbira has a haunting, otherworldly sound, and it is used in a variety of musical genres, including traditional Shona music, blues, and jazz.
• Kalimba: The kalimba is a small, portable musical instrument that is similar to the mbira. It is made from a wooden soundbox with metal keys, and it is played by holding it in the hands and plucking the keys with the thumbs and fingers. The kalimba has a bright, chiming sound, and it is used in a variety of musical genres, including blues, jazz, and pop.
• Harp: The harp is a stringed instrument that has been played in Africa for centuries. It is made from a wooden soundbox with strings stretched across it, and it is played by plucking or strumming the strings with the fingers. The harp has a rich, resonant sound, and it is used in a variety of musical genres, including traditional African music, classical music, and jazz.
• Drums: Drums are perhaps the most iconic musical instrument in Africa. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and they are made from materials such as wood, animal skins, and metal. Drums are played by striking them with the hands or sticks, and they are used in a variety of musical genres, including traditional African music, jazz, and rock.
• Vocal harmonies: Vocal harmonies are a unique and innovative musical instrument that is used in many African musical traditions. They involve the use of multiple voices singing different melodies and harmonies at the same time, creating a rich and complex sound. Vocal harmonies are used in a variety of musical genres, including traditional African music, gospel, and pop.

Overall, these innovative instruments are just a few examples of the rich musical heritage of Africa. They have played an important role in shaping the music of Africa and the world, and they continue to inspire musicians and listeners alike.

African instruments in popular culture

African music in the diaspora

Influence of African music on Western music

• Blues: African music played a significant role in the development of blues music in the southern United States. The call-and-response pattern, syncopated rhythms, and use of improvisation found in African music can be heard in early blues music.
• Jazz: Jazz, which originated in New Orleans, has its roots in African music. Enslaved Africans brought their musical traditions to the Americas, and these traditions were blended with European and other musical influences to create jazz.

African music in hip-hop and modern popular music

• Hip-hop: Hip-hop music, which originated in the Bronx, New York City, has been heavily influenced by African music. Many hip-hop artists have incorporated African rhythms, such as those found in Afrobeat and other genres, into their music.
• Modern popular music: African music has also had an impact on modern popular music. Many contemporary artists, such as Beyoncé, have incorporated African music into their songs, recognizing the influence of African music on music worldwide.

Importance of preserving African music and its instruments

• Cultural heritage: African music and its instruments are an important part of the cultural heritage of the African continent. They provide a link to the past and help to preserve the cultural identity of the people.
• Education: By studying African music and its instruments, people can learn about the history and culture of Africa. This knowledge can help to promote understanding and appreciation of African music and its influence on the world.
• Economic benefits: African music and its instruments can also provide economic benefits. The global popularity of African music has created opportunities for musicians and instrument makers to earn a living from their craft.

In conclusion, African music and its instruments have had a profound influence on music worldwide. The continued study and appreciation of African music can help to preserve its cultural heritage and promote a better understanding of the continent’s contributions to the world.

African instruments in modern music

African instruments have played a significant role in modern music, with many genres incorporating these unique and versatile instruments into their sound. Some of the most popular African instruments in modern music include:

• Djembe: The djembe is a skin-covered drum that is native to West Africa. It has become a staple in modern music, particularly in genres such as jazz, rock, and pop. The djembe’s deep, resonant sound makes it a popular choice for percussion sections and drum kits.
• Congas: Congas are a type of drum that are also native to Africa. They are typically made from a hollow log and have a tightly stretched head at one end. Congas are known for their powerful, resonant sound and are often used in salsa, jazz, and funk music.
• Maracas: Maracas are a percussion instrument that is commonly used in Latin music. They are typically made from a hollow gourd or wooden barrel and contain small pebbles or beads that rattle when shaken. Maracas are used to add a lively, rhythmic element to music.
• Bass guitar: The bass guitar is a stringed instrument that is used in many genres of music. While it was not invented in Africa, it has become an integral part of many African musical traditions. The bass guitar’s deep, powerful sound makes it a popular choice for rhythm sections in jazz, funk, and rock music.
• Sitar: The sitar is a stringed instrument that is native to India, but it has also been adopted by African musicians. The sitar’s distinctive sound, which is created by the use of a metal resonator and a variety of strings, has become a popular addition to many African musical traditions.

These are just a few examples of the many African instruments that have become an integral part of modern music. The versatility and unique sound of these instruments have made them a popular choice for musicians all over the world.

The influence of African instruments on world music

African instruments have played a significant role in shaping the music of the world. The influence of African instruments can be seen in various genres of music, including jazz, blues, rock, and roll, and even hip-hop. Many of the instruments used in these genres have their roots in African music.

One of the most significant contributions of African instruments to world music is the drum. Drums have been used in African music for thousands of years and have become an essential part of many different styles of music. The drum is often used to keep rhythm and is a key element in many African musical traditions.

Another instrument that has had a significant impact on world music is the xylophone. The xylophone is a musical instrument consisting of a series of wooden bars of different lengths that are struck with mallets. The xylophone is native to Africa and has been used in many different musical traditions across the continent.

The influence of African instruments on world music is not limited to these two examples. Many other instruments, such as the kalimba, djembé, and mbira, have also had a significant impact on the music of the world.

In conclusion, African instruments have played a crucial role in shaping the music of the world. The drum, xylophone, kalimba, djembé, and mbira are just a few examples of the many instruments that have had a significant impact on world music. The influence of African instruments on world music is a testament to the rich musical traditions of Africa and the creativity of the people who have used these instruments to create some of the most iconic music in history.

FAQs

1. What is the origin of African music?

African music has its roots in the ancient civilizations of Africa, and it has been influenced by various cultures and traditions throughout the continent. African music is characterized by its diverse rhythms, melodies, and instrumentation, and it has played an important role in African culture and society for thousands of years.

2. What are some examples of African musical instruments?

There are many different types of musical instruments that have been invented in Africa, including drums, xylophones, flutes, horns, and stringed instruments such as the kora and the mbira. African musical instruments are often made from natural materials such as wood, animal horns, and gourds, and they are often used in traditional African music and dance.

3. When were African musical instruments invented?

The exact origins of African musical instruments are difficult to determine, as many of them were invented thousands of years ago and have been passed down through generations of African musicians and craftsmen. However, it is believed that many African musical instruments were invented during the Stone Age, and they have been an important part of African culture and society ever since.

4. How have African musical instruments influenced music around the world?

African musical instruments have had a significant impact on music around the world, and many of the rhythms and melodies of African music have been incorporated into other styles of music, such as jazz, blues, and rock and roll. African musical instruments have also been used in modern music production, and they continue to be an important part of African culture and music today.

5. Are there any modern African musical instruments?

Yes, there are many modern African musical instruments that have been developed in recent years, such as the electric guitar and the synthesizer. These instruments have been adapted from traditional African musical instruments and have been used in modern music genres such as hip-hop, R&B, and electronic dance music.

10 Musical Instruments You Didn’t Know Where Invented In Africa