What are the 5 essential African instruments and their history?

Africa is a continent rich in culture and heritage, and its music is no exception. From the drums of the Sahara to the xylophones of the Congo, African music is characterized by its vibrant rhythms and unique sounds. But what are the essential African instruments that give this music its soul? In this article, we will explore the history and significance of the five most iconic African instruments. Join us as we delve into the world of the djembe, ngoma, mbira, sitar, and kalimba, and discover how these instruments have shaped the sound of Africa.

The Talking Drum

History and Origin

The Talking Drum is one of the most iconic instruments in African music culture. Its origin can be traced back to West Africa, specifically in the regions of Ghana, Senegal, and Nigeria. The instrument has been used for centuries in various cultural and ceremonial contexts, and its history is deeply intertwined with the history of the African continent.

In African culture, the Talking Drum has always been more than just a musical instrument. It has been used as a means of communication, particularly in pre-colonial Africa where written language was not widely used. The drum’s unique sound could carry messages over long distances, allowing communities to communicate with each other without the need for a common language.

During colonial times, the Talking Drum continued to play an important role in resistance movements against colonial powers. It was used to communicate information about upcoming protests, rallies, and other acts of resistance. In this way, the Talking Drum became a symbol of resistance and unity for many African communities.

Today, the Talking Drum remains an important instrument in African music and culture. It is still used in traditional ceremonies and celebrations, and its unique sound can be heard in many contemporary African music genres, such as highlife, Afrobeat, and hip-hop. The Talking Drum’s history and cultural significance make it an essential part of African music and culture, and its continued use and evolution is a testament to its enduring power and relevance.

Types of Talking Drums

The talking drum is one of the most iconic African instruments, with a rich history that spans across various cultures and regions. There are two main types of talking drums: the Ghanaian talking drum and the Nigerian talking drum.

The Ghanaian Talking Drum

The Ghanaian talking drum, also known as the “talking drum of the Akan people,” is a cylindrical drum with a goatskin head and a wooden body. It is played by striking the head with a drumstick while manipulating the tension of the drumhead to produce different sounds. The drum is used in a variety of contexts, including religious ceremonies, traditional music ensembles, and political rallies.

One of the most notable features of the Ghanaian talking drum is its ability to mimic human speech. The drummer can create different sounds by changing the tension of the drumhead and using different techniques to strike the head. This allows the drum to “speak” in a way that can convey different messages or emotions.

The Nigerian Talking Drum

The Nigerian talking drum, also known as the “talking drum of the Yoruba people,” is similar to the Ghanaian talking drum in terms of its construction and playing technique. However, it has a different shape and is played in a slightly different way.

The Nigerian talking drum is usually larger than the Ghanaian drum and has a more pronounced shape. It is played by striking the head with a drumstick while pressing down on the drum body with the other hand. This creates a resonant sound that can be altered by changing the tension of the drumhead or using different techniques to strike the head.

One of the most interesting aspects of the Nigerian talking drum is its use in communication. In traditional Yoruba culture, the drum was used to convey messages between different villages and to announce important events or rituals. The drummer could create different sounds to represent different words or phrases, allowing the drum to “speak” in a way that was easily understood by others.

Overall, the talking drum is an essential African instrument with a rich history and cultural significance. Whether played in religious ceremonies, traditional music ensembles, or political rallies, the drum has played an important role in African culture for centuries.

How to Play the Talking Drum

The talking drum is a versatile instrument that is widely used in African music. It is a type of drum that is hollowed out from a single piece of wood and covered with animal skin. The drum is played by hitting the skin with a small stick, and the pitch of the sound produced depends on the size and tension of the drumhead.

Basic Techniques

To play the talking drum, you will need to master a few basic techniques. The first technique is called the “buzz roll,” which involves striking the drumhead with the stick in a rapid, even motion. This produces a low, deep sound that is often used to set the rhythm for a song.

Another basic technique is the “slap roll,” which involves striking the drumhead with the stick in a loose, open manner. This produces a higher-pitched sound that is often used to accentuate certain beats in a song.

Advanced Techniques

Once you have mastered the basic techniques, you can move on to more advanced techniques. One such technique is the “flam,” which involves striking the drumhead with the stick in a staccato rhythm. This produces a complex, syncopated sound that is often used to add complexity to a song.

Another advanced technique is the “riff,” which involves playing a series of rapid, repetitive notes on the drumhead. This produces a fast, rhythmic sound that is often used to build energy and excitement in a song.

Overall, playing the talking drum requires patience, practice, and an understanding of the basic and advanced techniques involved. With time and dedication, you can master this unique and powerful instrument and bring its rich, resonant sound to your music.

The Kalimba

The kalimba, also known as the thumb piano, is a musical instrument that has its roots in African music. It is a simple yet sophisticated instrument that has been a part of African culture for centuries.

The evolution of the kalimba can be traced back to ancient African civilizations such as the Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Zulus. The instrument was used in religious ceremonies, rituals, and as a form of entertainment. The kalimba was also used as a means of communication, as it was believed to have the power to connect people with the spirit world.

The modern kalimba, as we know it today, has its origins in the 20th century. It was popularized by the African American community in the southern United States during the 1950s and 1960s. The instrument gained popularity among jazz and blues musicians, who incorporated it into their music.

Today, the kalimba is widely recognized as a unique and versatile instrument, and it continues to be an important part of African music and culture.

Types of Kalimbas

The Thumb Piano Kalimba

The Thumb Piano Kalimba, also known as the Mbira, is a traditional African instrument that has been used for centuries. It is made from a solid piece of wood, typically made from the branches of the mboza tree, and has metal keys that are plucked with the thumbs. The sound produced by the Thumb Piano Kalimba is characterized by its ethereal and haunting melodies, which are often used in traditional African music to convey deep emotions and tell stories.

The Iron Kalimba

The Iron Kalimba, also known as the “Iron Xylorimba,” is a variation of the Thumb Piano Kalimba that is made from metal instead of wood. It has a similar construction to the Thumb Piano Kalimba, with metal keys that are plucked with the thumbs, but it produces a different sound due to the material it is made from. The Iron Kalimba has a brighter and more resonant sound than the Thumb Piano Kalimba, and is often used in contemporary African music to add a modern twist to traditional songs.

How to Play the Kalimba

The kalimba is a simple and versatile instrument that can be played by anyone, regardless of their musical background. Here are some basic and advanced techniques for playing the kalimba:

Basic Techniques

1. Hold the kalimba: Hold the kalimba with both hands, with the left hand on the upper part of the instrument and the right hand on the lower part.
2. Tune the kalimba: Before playing, tune the kalimba to the desired pitch using a tuner or a tuning fork.
3. Press the tines: To play the kalimba, press the tines with your fingers. Use your thumb to press the tines on the left side and your other fingers to press the tines on the right side.
4. Experiment with different tines: The kalimba has multiple tines that produce different notes. Experiment with different combinations of tines to create different melodies and harmonies.
5. Keep a steady rhythm: Keep a steady rhythm by tapping your foot or using a drum beat as a reference.

Advanced Techniques

1. Play chords: Play multiple tines at the same time to create chords. This will add more complexity and depth to your playing.
2. Use the slide: Use the slide on the kalimba to create glissando effects and smooth transitions between notes.
3. Experiment with different playing styles: Try playing the kalimba with different techniques, such as tapping, strumming, or shaking.
4. Play in different keys: The kalimba can be played in different keys, depending on the tuning. Experiment with different tunings to create new sounds and textures.
5. Improvise: Improvise and experiment with different melodies and harmonies to create your own unique style of playing the kalimba.

The Mbira

The Mbira in African Music

The mbira is a traditional musical instrument that has been an integral part of African music for centuries. It is a plucked idiophone made from a wooden frame, metal keys, and a resonator, and is played with the fingers or thumbs. The mbira is commonly found in many African countries, including Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Malawi, and is used in a variety of musical genres, including traditional folk music, religious music, and modern popular music.

The Evolution of the Mbira

The mbira has undergone several changes over the years, reflecting the evolving tastes and preferences of African societies. In its earliest form, the mbira was a simple instrument with a wooden frame and a few metal keys. Over time, the instrument became more complex, with additional keys and a resonator to enhance its sound. Today, the mbira is a sophisticated instrument with a wide range of tones and timbres, and is highly prized for its versatility and expressiveness.

The mbira has also played an important role in the cultural and social life of African societies. It has been used in rituals and ceremonies, as well as in the transmission of cultural knowledge and values. The mbira has also been an important symbol of African identity and heritage, and has been celebrated in literature, art, and music.

Types of Mbiras

The Mbira is one of the most iconic African instruments, and it has a rich history dating back centuries. There are several types of Mbiras, each with its own unique characteristics and cultural significance.

The Zimbabwean Mbira

The Zimbabwean Mbira is also known as the “Sansa” or “Mukwati” and is traditionally played by the Shona people of Zimbabwe. It consists of a wooden soundboard with metal keys, and it is typically played with the fingers or thumbs. The Zimbabwean Mbira has a distinctive sound that is often described as haunting and melancholic. It is commonly used in traditional Shona music, as well as in contemporary genres such as jazz and blues.

The Shona Mbira

The Shona Mbira is a variation of the Zimbabwean Mbira and is also played by the Shona people of Zimbabwe. It is similar in construction to the Zimbabwean Mbira, but it has a different tuning and is played with a different technique. The Shona Mbira is often used in religious ceremonies and traditional healing practices. It is also used in contemporary music, particularly in the genres of reggae and dancehall.

In addition to the Zimbabwean and Shona Mbiras, there are several other types of Mbiras, each with its own unique characteristics and cultural significance. These include the Mozambican Mbira, the Tanzanian Mbira, and the Ugandan Mbira, among others. Each type of Mbira has its own distinctive sound and is used in different cultural contexts.

Overall, the Mbira is an essential African instrument with a rich history and cultural significance. Its various types reflect the diversity of African music and culture, and it continues to be an important part of traditional and contemporary music in many African countries.

How to Play the Mbira

The mbira is a traditional African instrument that has been played for centuries. It is also known as the “thumb piano” and is commonly found in countries such as Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Malawi. Here are some basic and advanced techniques for playing the mbira:

1. Holding the Mbira: The mbira should be held with the metal tines facing upwards. The player should place their thumbs on the tines and their fingers on the keys.
2. Playing the Mbira: To play the mbira, the player should use their thumbs to press down on the tines while their fingers press the keys. This creates a sound that is unique to the mbira.
3. Creating Harmonies: The mbira can create harmonies by playing different tines simultaneously. This is achieved by pressing down on different tines with the thumbs and fingers.

4. Creating Rhythms: The mbira can also create rhythms by tapping on the keys with the fingers. This is known as “finger-picking” and is a common technique used in mbira music.

5. Slapping: Slapping is a technique where the player slaps the tines with the thumbs to create a different sound. This technique is commonly used in mbira music and adds a unique sound to the instrument.

6. Hammer-ons: Hammer-ons are a technique where the player quickly presses down on a tine with the thumb and then releases it, creating a staccato sound. This technique is used to add rhythm and energy to mbira music.
7. Pull-offs: Pull-offs are a technique where the player quickly releases a tine with the thumb, creating a staccato sound. This technique is used to add rhythm and energy to mbira music.
8. Bending: Bending is a technique where the player bends the tines slightly to create a different sound. This technique is used to add expression and emotion to mbira music.

These are just a few of the techniques used to play the mbira. The instrument is versatile and can be played in many different ways, making it a staple of traditional African music.

The Xylophone

The xylophone is one of the most widely used instruments in African music. It has been an integral part of African culture for centuries, and its origins can be traced back to ancient times.

The xylophone is believed to have originated in Africa, and it is thought to have been invented by the people of the Congo Basin. The instrument was initially used in religious ceremonies and traditional dances, and it was played by the village elders and priests.

Over time, the xylophone became more popular, and it began to be used in other aspects of African culture, such as storytelling and entertainment. The instrument’s popularity spread throughout Africa, and it became a staple of many different cultures.

The xylophone has undergone several changes over the years, and it has evolved into the instrument that we know today. In many parts of Africa, the xylophone is now made from metal or plastic, rather than wood, and it is often played in a more modern style.

Despite these changes, the xylophone remains an important part of African music and culture, and it continues to be played and enjoyed by people all over the world.

Types of Xylophones

The West African Xylophone

The West African xylophone, also known as the “gbanza,” is a musical instrument that is widely used in the traditional music of West Africa. It is typically made from the wood of the mango tree, which is hollowed out and cut into a cylindrical shape. The gbanza is played by striking the different-sized keys with two mallets, producing a range of musical notes.

The Central African Xylophone

The Central African xylophone, also known as the “mbira,” is a musical instrument that is widely used in the traditional music of Central Africa. It is typically made from the wood of the ironwood tree, which is hollowed out and cut into a flat shape. The mbira is played by striking the different-sized keys with two mallets, producing a range of musical notes.

In addition to the gbanza and mbira, there are many other types of xylophones that are used in various regions of Africa, each with its own unique design and playing technique.

How to Play the Xylophone

To play the xylophone, one must first understand the basic techniques involved. These techniques include:

1. Mallet grip: Holding the mallets correctly is crucial to producing a clear and crisp sound. The mallets should be held with the palms facing towards the body, and the fingers should be curled around the handle.
2. Strike point: The xylophone bar should be struck with the center of the mallet head. This will produce a full and resonant sound.
3. Dampening: After playing a note, the xylophone bar should be dampened with the other mallet to prevent it from ringing. This will ensure a clean transition to the next note.

Once the basic techniques have been mastered, advanced techniques can be explored. These techniques include:

1. Rolls: A roll is a rapid alternation of two notes played with one mallet. To execute a roll, the mallet should be moved up and down the xylophone bar in a sweeping motion.
2. Chords: Chords can be played by striking multiple xylophone bars with one mallet. This will produce a harmonic sound that can add depth and complexity to a piece of music.
3. Fingerings: Fingerings refer to the placement of the fingers on the mallets. Experimenting with different fingerings can produce different tonal qualities and can add variety to one’s playing.

Overall, mastering the art of playing the xylophone requires dedication and practice. With patience and persistence, one can develop the skills necessary to produce beautiful and complex music on this fascinating African instrument.

The Flute

The flute has been a significant instrument in African music for centuries, with origins dating back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Nubia. The evolution of the flute in Africa can be traced back to various cultures and traditions, each contributing to the development of the instrument as we know it today.

In ancient Egypt, the flute was known as the “Flaut” and was used in religious ceremonies and as a means of entertainment. The instrument was made from a variety of materials, including wood, bone, and reeds, and was often decorated with intricate designs and patterns.

In Nubia, a region in modern-day Sudan, the flute was an essential instrument in traditional music and was often used in court and military music. The Nubian flute was typically made from the stem of a plant and had a distinctive sound that was characterized by its rapid, staccato notes.

Over time, the flute evolved and adapted to different cultural influences, leading to the development of various flute types across Africa. For example, the Xirimba, a type of flute found in South Africa, is made from a length of bamboo and has a haunting, melodic sound.

The history of the flute in Africa is rich and diverse, with each culture contributing to the development of the instrument in its own unique way. Today, the flute remains an essential instrument in African music, with its distinctive sound and melodic qualities continuing to captivate audiences around the world.

Types of Flutes

The flute is one of the most widely used instruments in African music, and there are several types of flutes that have been developed over the years. Here are some of the most common types of flutes used in African music:

• The African Flute: This is the most common type of flute used in African music. It is typically made from a long, hollow piece of wood, and has an open-ended design. The African flute is played by blowing air across the open end of the flute, producing a mellow, melodic sound.
• The Bamboo Flute: The bamboo flute is another popular type of flute used in African music. It is made from a section of bamboo that has been cut and hollowed out. The bamboo flute produces a clear, bright sound, and is often used in faster, more upbeat songs.
• The Xylophone Flute: The xylophone flute is a type of flute that is played by striking the keys with a mallet. It is a popular instrument in many African cultures, and is often used in traditional ceremonies and celebrations.
• The Ocarina Flute: The ocarina flute is a type of flute that is played by covering and uncovering small holes on the instrument. It produces a unique, haunting sound, and is often used in slower, more contemplative songs.
• The Recorder Flute: The recorder flute is a type of flute that is played by blowing air across a small, mouthpiece. It produces a high-pitched, bird-like sound, and is often used in faster, more upbeat songs.

Overall, the flute is an essential instrument in African music, and its versatility and flexibility make it a popular choice for musicians across the continent. Whether played in a traditional ceremony or in a modern recording studio, the flute continues to be an important part of African music culture.

How to Play the Flute

The flute is one of the most popular and versatile instruments in African music. Here are some basic and advanced techniques for playing the flute:

Basic Techniques

1. Embouchure: This is the position of the lips on the mouthpiece. To play the flute, you need to place the flute on your lap and blow air into the mouthpiece while keeping your embouchure firm and steady.
2. Finger Positioning: The flute has a series of keys that are used to create different notes. To play a note, you need to press the key with your finger while blowing air into the mouthpiece.
3. Breathing: To produce a clear and steady sound, you need to breathe correctly. Inhale deeply and steadily before blowing air into the mouthpiece.
4. Articulation: This refers to the way you articulate notes and phrases. African flute playing often involves rapid and rhythmic articulation, which can be achieved by using the tongue and embouchure to create staccato and legato effects.

Advanced Techniques

1. Cross-fingered technique: This technique involves placing one finger on top of another to produce notes that are not available on the standard flute fingerboard. This technique is commonly used in African flute playing to produce complex and unusual sounds.
2. Multiphonics: This is a technique that involves singing and playing notes simultaneously to produce a harmonic sound. This technique is often used in African flute playing to create a rich and complex sound.
3. Microtones: This refers to notes that are not part of the standard Western tuning system. African flutes often have a rich and complex microtonal system, which allows players to produce a wide range of sounds and textures.
4. Improvisation: African flute playing often involves improvisation, which involves spontaneous and creative musical expression. To improvise effectively, you need to be familiar with the rhythms and melodies of African music, as well as the cultural and social context in which it is performed.

By mastering these basic and advanced techniques, you can become a skilled flute player and add a unique African flavor to your music.

FAQs

1. What are the 5 essential African instruments?

The 5 essential African instruments are the djembe, kora, ngoni, balafon, and xylophone. These instruments have been used for centuries in African music and have played a significant role in shaping the cultural identity of the continent.

2. What is the history of the djembe instrument?

The djembe is a type of drum that has been used in West Africa for centuries. It is believed to have originated in Mali and was played by the Mandinka people. The djembe is traditionally made from a hollowed-out tree trunk and covered with goat skin. It is played with the hands and is known for its deep, rich sound.

3. What is the history of the kora?

The kora is a stringed instrument that is played in West Africa, particularly in Senegal, Gambia, and Guinea. It is believed to have originated in the Mandinka tribe and has been played for over 700 years. The kora is made from a gourd, which is covered with a leather soundboard and has a neck with 21 strings.

4. What is the history of the ngoni?

The ngoni is a stringed instrument that is played in West Africa, particularly in Mali, Senegal, and Guinea. It is similar to the kora, but has a different shape and is played with a bow. The ngoni is believed to have originated in the Mandinka tribe and has been played for centuries.

5. What is the history of the balafon?

The balafon is a type of xylophone that is played in West Africa, particularly in Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. It is believed to have originated in the Gyeli tribe and has been played for over 400 years. The balafon is made from a wooden frame with keys made from gourds or wood.

6. What is the history of the xylophone?

The xylophone is a type of instrument that is played in many parts of the world, including Africa. In Africa, the xylophone is known as the balafon and has been played for centuries. It is believed to have originated in the Gyeli tribe and is made from a wooden frame with keys made from gourds or wood.

7. How are African instruments used in traditional music?

African instruments are used in traditional music to create rhythms and melodies that are unique to the continent. They are often played in ensembles and are an important part of African culture and identity. African instruments are also used in contemporary music and are featured in many popular genres, including hip-hop, reggae, and pop.

8. How can I learn to play African instruments?

There are many resources available for learning to play African instruments, including books, videos, and classes. Many instrument makers and music schools offer instruction in African instruments, and there are also many online resources available. Learning to play African instruments can be a rewarding and enriching experience, and can provide a deeper understanding of African culture and music.

26 FAMOUS AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH NAMES AND PICTURES